Renal Failure Risk Factors

• A. Diabetes Mellitus, Hypertension, Family History Of CKD
• B. Smoking Only
• C. Male Gender Only
• D. Exercise And Hydration

Answer: (A)

Renal failure risk is driven most strongly by conditions that damage the kidneys over time. Diabetes mellitus and hypertension are the two leading drivers: high blood sugar injures the glomeruli (diabetic nephropathy), and high blood pressure damages renal vessels, leading to nephrosclerosis. A family history of CKD signals genetic susceptibility and shared risk factors, so those individuals are more likely to develop kidney disease and progress to renal failure. While smoking can contribute to kidney risk, it’s not as central as these three factors; male gender alone isn’t an independent risk factor, and exercise plus hydration are protective or neutral rather than risk factors. Clinically, prioritizing good glucose control and blood pressure management, along with screening for albuminuria and reduced eGFR in high-risk groups, helps reduce progression.